Bacteria with high phosphate solubilization ability and resistant to high temperatures are good candidates for using in Phosphatic microbial fertilizers (PMF). Accordingly, in this study the dissolution of phosphate, thermal tolerance and viability of seven PSB (Pantoea agglomerans P5, Pseudomonas fluorescens Tabriz, P. putida Tabriz, Pseudomonas sp. C16-2O, Enterobacter sp. S16-3, Bacillus megaterium JK6 and B. firmus) were evaluated in the basal formulation of rock phosphate (45 g), bagasse (30 g) and sulfur (15 g) after providing appropriate initial microbial population. The prepared PMFs was divided into two parts and the number of viable cells was obtained after three and six months by plate count method. The provided PMFs were subjected to microbial counts in two ways. A) Half of fertilizer samples, were stored at room temperature then viable cells counted and B) The other half of PMF were counted after they had been exposed to a temperature of 55 ° C for 16 hours. The results showed that there was a significant difference between different phosphorus sources in terms of phosphate dissolution, and dissolution of bacteria from TCP sources compared to rock phosphate was two-fold. The highest and lowest dissolution of phosphate observed in the bacterium P. agglomerans (562 mg/l) and B. firmus (395 mg/l), respectively. None of the bacteria in PMFs formulations did not tolerate at temperatures up to 55° C, but PMFs that stored at room temperature, after three and six months of production, had an average population of 4. 3 × 105, and 0. 4 × 104 CFU/g, respectively.

in this study the efficiency and effectiveness of six PSB (Pseudomonas fluorescens Tabriz, P. putida Tabriz, Pseudomnas sp. C16-2O, Enterobacter sp. S16-3, Bacillus megaterium JK6 and B. firmus) in the basal formulation of rock phosphate (45 g), bagasse (30 g) and sulfur (15 g) after providing initial appropriate microbial population were evaluated. Also in this experiment, Pantoea agglomerans P5 bacteria which used in Barvar2 fertilizer was applied as a positive control. This experiment with 17 treatments in four replications was carried out. Treatments included: Negative control treatments (no microbial or chemical), positive control (triple super phosphate fertilizer based on soil test or TSP), PMF powder without adding bacteria, PMF related to any of six bacteria which prepared in equal (0. 6 g) and twice (1. 2 g) the amount of recommended TSP fertilizer. The results obtained from the greenhouse experiments showed that the microbial phosphate fertilizers significantly influenced on wet and dry weight of roots and shoots, chlorophyll index, and uptake of phosphorus in the root and shoot of corn S. C. 704. Inoculation with some of PMFs caused an improvement in the measured parameters. In most measured parameters Enterobacter sp. S16-3 and Pseudomonas sp. C162-O had a similar effect like Pantoea agglomerans P5 treatment, and these treatments had higher performance than TSP (except in the case of measuring element P). P. fluorescens and P. putida treatments were in the next order and they had similar effect on plant growth. It should be noted that the PMF produced by B. firmus in some cases and PMF made by B. megaterium in most parameters showed lower performance compared to the negative control and even lower than the treatment without No Carrier.

This research was conducted in order to distinguish the high yielding alfalfa, cultivars and for offering a distinct fertilizing formula, using split plot statistical design with four replications. Main factor was alfalfa by four cultivars (local of Salmas - Bonab Abi , Krysari , and Native) and six minor factor was fertilizer (P205), by six levels based on effective ingredients including zero, 15, 25, 35, 45, and 55kg/ha. The experiment was conducted in the dry - land condition of Meshgin village located at Km. 50, north - west of Zanjan, with average rainfall of 372 mm; since 1371, lasting for 5 years.Hay yield and height of the cultivars were measured from the 2nd year and means were compared statistically by Duncan method. In spite of non significant difference between main treatments, the local cultivar (Native) produced the highest amount of yield, totally 1959 kg/ha. during the whole period of experiment, and other mentioned cultivars i.e. Salmas, Krisari and Bonab Abi had average yield of 1630, 1491, 1441 kg/ha respectively. It is not worthy that, yield of main factor during whole years were followed the same rank, with the exception of year 1373, there were statistically significant difference (P<0.05), and complex analysis of variance resulted significant difference (P<0.01) between minor treatments (application of fertilizers). In response to different fertilizer levels, the most amount of hay yield for fertilizer b5 (45kg/ha effective ingredient) during the whole period of the experiment with average yied of 1871 kg/ha and the least amount of hay yield was related to fertilizer b1 (without fertilizer) during the whole period (except 1372), with average yield of 1462 kg/ha. Regarding the difference between the means of interaction effects (AB), (P<0.05) combination of local cultivar of alfalfa (native) with fertilizer response of b5 (45 kg/ha. effective ingredient) i.e, a4b5 with the average yield of 2204 kg/ha. was introduced as the most productive cultivar and fertilizer administration expected for native cultivar of alfalfa, This is advised for extension of cultivation in vast areas of dry lands in the region, it is one of the main results of the current research. There were significant differences between the yields of hay during the years, so that the 2nd year (1374), was the most productive year, averaging 2963 kg/ha. From the view point of the height, the local Salmas and native cultivars by 53cm height, and Bonab-Abi and Krysari by 49cm height were the taller and shorter cultivars. Actually the taller cultivars were those which produced higher yield. The most growth of tall cultivars was related to the year 1375 (3d year of harvesting) with 64cm height and the least amount was related to year 1376 with 38cm height.

In this study the effectiveness of Phosphatic microbial fertilizers produced from seven bacteria (Pantoea agglomerans P5, Pseudomonas fluorescens Tabriz, P. putida Tabriz, Pseudomonas sp. C16-2O, Enterobacter sp. S16-3, Bacillus megaterium JK6 and B. firmus) in the basal formulation of rock phosphate (45 g), bagasse (30 g) and sulfur (15 g) were evaluated. In this experiment, Pantoea agglomerans P5 which used in Barvar2 biofertilizer was applied as a positive control. The results obtained from the greenhouse experiments showed that the wet and dry weight of roots and shoots, uptake of potassium, iron and zinc in the root and shoot of corn S. C. 704 were significantly influenced by the PMFs. In most measured parameters, the effects of Enterobacter sp. S16-3 and Pseudomonas sp. C16-2O were similar to the P. agglomerans P5 and all the three treatments in most cases had higher performance than TSP. P. fluorescens and P. putida treatments showed similar effects on corn growth. It should be noted that B. firmus in some cases and B. megaterium treatment in most parameters had lower performance compared to the treatment bed without bacteria (negative control) and even lower than the treatment without fertilizer bed (No Carrier). It should be emphasized that the effect of different levels of fertilizer consumption (0. 6 and 1. 2 g pot-1 equal to 100% and 200% of recommended dose of phosphorus) were significant and the level of 1. 2 g pot-1 compared to 0. 6 g pot-1 caused an increase more than two-fold in plant performance.

Today, many different methods are applied for the correct use of foods and to prevent their deterioration. Ensuring healthy conditions for people in food consumption and consumption of healthy foods is very important for human welfare. In this study, food spoilage, the factors that cause food spoilage, its effects on a global basis, food transport systems (cold chain) and measures that prevent or delay food spoilage are discussed.

Background and objectives: One of the most important microbial fertilizers is phosphate microbial fertilizers, it can be prepared in powder or granular form, which, after mixing the constituents, should be used for gentle heating (40-50 degrees Celsius) to dry the fertilizer, such conditions will eliminate the bacteria that are added to the carrier. The use of temperature resistant phosphate solubilizing bacteria in granular phosphate fertilizers is one of the strategies to overcome the limitations of these fertilizers production. Materials and Methods: In this research, the efficacy and effectiveness of Phosphatic microbial fertilizers prepared from two temperature resistant phosphate solubilizing bacteria (RPS9 and RPS7) and a non-temperature resistant bacterium (PS4) in the basal formulation of rock phosphate (45 g), sulfur (15 g) and bagasse (30 g) was evaluated on corn S. C. 704 cultivar. Experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design with regard to control treatment (without microbial fertilizer and chemical fertilizer), triple super phosphate fertilizer treatments at 50% and 100% fertilizer recommendation, with bacterial treatments (PS4, RPS7 and RPS9) in three replications Done. The irrigation of the pots was carried out through weighing at 0. 8FC. Results: The results of greenhouse experiments showed that the application of Phosphatic microbial fertilizers in corn, on fresh and dry weight of the whole plant, absorption of phosphorus, potassium, iron and zinc in the root and shoot part had a significant effect. The PS4 microbial fertilizer application had the highest amount of phosphorus absorption and in this regard was treated with chemical treatments SPT (100% and 50%) in same group and increased the rate of absorption of phosphorus by 25. 07% compared to negative control and 23. 49 % Compared to control without carrier (No Carrier). In potassium parameters of the plant were also treated with SPT fertilizer (100%) and PS4 microbial treatment led to highest potassium uptake with average of 585. 685 and 511. 343 (mg / plant), respectively. microbial treatments of PS4 and RPS9 in the supply of phosphorus and potassium of the corn plant were well treated with triple super phosphate. RPS9 of microbial fertilizer in the Fe parameter and RPS7 in Zn parameter had the highest performance. Conclusion: Inoculation of microbial fertilizers containing plant growth promoting bacteria has led to the colonization of these bacteria in the plant's rhizosphere, and we have seen the incremental effects of measured parameters. PS4 bacterial treatment was similar to triple super phosphate treatment (100%) and RPS9 treatment was similar to triple superphosphate (50%). RPS7 has lower performance. Among the two newly-released temperature resistant isolates, both of which are Pantoea agglomerans, it seems rational to use RPS9 for this purpose.

Bacteria with high phosphate solubility and resistance to high temperature are suitable candidates for use in granular Phosphatic microbial fertilizers (PMF). The prepared product in processing of these fertilizers (PMF) is exposed to high temperatures (50-55 ° C) under very low moisture conditions. Accordingly, in this research, the efficiency of phosphate dissolution and temperature tolerance of 150 bacterial isolates were evaluated. These bacteria were prepared in the soil biology laboratory of University of Tabriz. The phosphate solubility of these bacteria was evaluated by semi-quantitative and quantitative methods in solid and liquid Sperber medium in the presence of low-soluble tricalcium phosphate (TCP) source at the temperatures of 28 ° C and 55 ° C. The results showed that there was a significant difference between bacteria in terms of dissolution of phosphate. At a typical temperature among 150 bacteria, 25 bacteria (17%) had no phosphorus dissolution capacity, and the HD/CD ratio for these 25 bacteria was 1. 2 to 2. 8. In the quantitative method, the solubility potential of 25 isolates was 175. 88-292. 98 mg P/l. Among the 25 isolates, only 7 bacteria were able to survive at 55 ° C for 16 hours, witch between them the C1-4O, C19-4O and C8-12M bacteria had the highest halo diameters with values of 2. 5, 2. 4 and 2. 2 for the HD/CD ratio, respectively. The amounts of phosphorus release by these bacteria in the liquid medium were 244. 08, 256. 44 and 216. 14 mg/l, respectively. The molecular identification of these bacteria showed that they were belonged to the genus Enterobacter and Stenotrophomonas.

One of the problems associated with the production of granular microbial fertilizer is the elimination of bacteria in the drying process of fertilizer. One solution for this problem is using thermal resistant phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB). In this study, the efficiency and effectiveness of some PMFs prepared by using two thermal resistant PSB (isolates RPS9 and RPS7) and one thermal sensitive PSB (isolate RPS4) in the basal formulation of rock phosphate (45 g), bagasse (30 g) and sulfur (15 g) were evaluated on the maize growth. The experimental design was CRD with 7 treatments including control treatment (without chemical and microbe fertilizer), triple super phosphate fertilizer treatments at the rates of 100% and 50% of the fertilizer recommendation (equivalent to 300 and 150 mg/kg soil, respectively), with bacterial treatments (RPS4, RPS7, and RPS9), in three replications. The results obtained from the greenhouse experiments showed that total wet and dry weight of the plants and uptake of phosphor in the root and shoot of corn S. C. 704 were significantly influenced by the PMFs. RPS4 bacteria treatments had similar performance to triple super phosphate 100% and RPS9 had similar performance to 50% triple super phosphate. RPS7 had lower performance than the other two bacteria. From the two heat resistant isolates that were recently isolated and both belonged to the species Pantoea agglomerans, RPS9 seemed more promising for this purpose.

Purpose The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of compositions based on the strains of microorganisms and intended for cow dung processing. Method Cow dung in an amount of 6 kg was placed into fermentation containers. To process the waste, we used microbial compositions. Sampling was performed on the 1st, 5th, 12th, 19th and 29th days. During the experiment, an analysis of microbiological, physicochemical and phytotoxic parameters was carried out. Results The number of micromycetes in the compostable mixture decreased by half compared to the control sample on the 5th day. When treated with microbial compositions at a dose of 25 ml/kg, no Salmonella bacteria was detected in the compostable mixture on the 29th day. In the variants of the experiment with the introduction of microbial compositions, the temperature increased to 45-51°, C in a month after the experiment, the humidity decreased to 69%, and the pH of the compostable mixture was set at a neutral level. It was shown that the amount of total nitrogen increased by 7. 1-38% when treated with microbial compositions. After 29 days in almost all experimental samples with the introduction of a liquid bacterial culture, the rate of germination and seedling emergence exceeded the growth rate of the control sample. Conclusion The possibility is shown to use the given compositions with bacteria of various functional groups as a basis of biological products for the accelerated processing of organic waste, such as cow dung.

Bean is one the main agricultural plants in bean family, which has an important role in nutrition and protein supplement for men and fertility of soil in various crop rotations. The aim of analyzing physiological rate indices is interpretation of plant’s reaction toward a specific environment. In order to check effect of use microbial granulated phosphorous bio fertilize and phosphorous super phosphate chemical fertilizer on physiological rate indices in Mehran city field experiments with factorial experiment of a randomized complete block design with three replications were performed. Experimental treatment were include of using phosphate triple super phosphorous chemical fertilizer at 5 level (without using of chemical fertilizer, use of %25 phosphorous chemical fertilizer, use of %50 phosphorous chemical fertilizer, use of %75 phosphorous chemical fertilizer, use of %100 phosphorous chemical fertilizer) and bio granulated phosphate fertilizer including zinc in 2 level (without using bio phosphorous fertilizer, without bio phosphorous fertilizer). Characterizations such as whole dry weight, net assimilation rate (NAR), crop growth rate (CGR) were measured. To access to the process of shoot dry weight changes during the season of growth, various equations were examined. Results shows that accumulation of dry matter were done under effect of using phosphorous chemical fertilizer and bio phosphorous fertilizer treatment; thereby using of %50 and %75 level of phosphorous chemical fertilizer and also using of bio phosphorous fertilizer have the best states, and the most whole dry weight, crop growth rate, net assimilation rate, relative growth rate in the treatment were observed.